Dabbling

is a 100 watt heater safe in 2 gallon tank?

is it dangerous to have a 100-watt heater in my 2 gallon aquarium? It is only heats the water to about 75degrees. The box says "for 2-15 gallon aquariums". It is a "tetra submersible heater". It is SUPPOSED to heat the water to 78 and there is "no adjusting necessary".

there are NO fish in this tank. i am looking to house a betta in it soon, and would love suggestions for a SAFE small heater, with lower watts that can keep the temperature at 80 degrees. the temperature in my room fluctuates all day. so keeping it STEADY is important.

I wouldn't worry about using it in your tank. If it DOES malfunction it will overheat and cook your fish. However, even with a smaller heater this will likely happen if it malfunctions. Having said that, I believe most heaters stop working more often then they fail to shut off. Hence the reason most bigger tanks have backup heaters in place in case one stops working all together.

Having said that, make sure your heater is not too long to fully submerse in the water so that it can accurately measure temperature. If you want 80 degrees or anything other then what is is pre-set you will have to go another route all together.

Landfill Settlement and Predicting the effects of Surcharging to extend Landfill Void Part 1

Forecasting the settlement on landfill sites has changed into an imperative component of safe landfill design, void planning and long term management. Pragmatic prophecies depend heavily on correct models of engineering behavior, especially the long term settlement characteristics. Serious volume reduction and therefore settlement will happen thru decomposition of the biodegradable part, and the physical processes related to self-weight.

Despite the environmental, political and social imperatives of reducing disposal of waste to landfill, extending the input life of many existing landfills and long term management responsibilities remain a fact. With many landfill sites reaching their permitted capacity landfill operators may always attempt to increase volume inside current sites by raising surface pressure by adding material onto the and so surcharging existing waste masses.

This could also be required to comply with environmental design issues like maintaining minimum slopes. Surcharging has critical implications for landfill design and safe long term management. Further settlement will happen when further loading is applied and this has additionally been shown to cause significant rises in leachate levels in the waste. Forecasting the potential rise is obviously a crucial part of leachate management. Planning for vertical extension ( surcharging ) of existing waste masses is significantly helped by trustworthy information on settlements of a variety of wastes due to self-weight, continuing decomposition and extra loading.

Methodical measurement of surface settlement has been carried out at 5 landfill sites between 1999 and 2006, including Arlesey, Bletchley, Brogborough, Calvert and Stewartby, and this article is an appraisal of the paper Foretelling Long term SETTLEMENT OF LANDFILLS K. S. WATTS*, J. A. CHARLES AND H. D. SKINNER* *Building Research Corporation Ltd, Watford,at The Waste Meeting , Sep 2006, Stratford on Avon, UK.

Exclusive survey pins were installed on permanent or transient clay capping to span each site such the widest range of age and placement conditions of waste may be monitored. Movements were related to stable off-landfill datum employing a total survey station. At every borehole extensometers were installed to determine settlement at depth in the refuse.

Instruments comprising firm access tubes and magnet markers locked into the refuse proved terribly valuable in the earlier studies at Brogborough and Calvert but had limited life when extremely giant vertical and horizontal strains happened. Remote hydro-pneumatic settlement cells, one exclusive and one adapted from exclusive elements, proved to be untrustworthy.

A 3rd system exploited markers and a flexible sealed access pipe also employing a submersible transducer.

This system proved to be more trustworthy but the accuracy was again less than sufficient and these gauges also had limited life. The handiest and easy system incorporated sleeved steel rods jacked into the refuse to different elevations and was employed effectively below a trial surcharge described in this paper.

The value of sub-surface measurements in identifying the scale, distribution and reasons for settlement was demonstrated by Watts and Charles ( 1990 ). If the level of leachate rises in the existing waste, for instance as a result of surcharging, the buoyancy effect of the refuse may light the way to a major decrease in effective overburden pressures in the saturated fill and a lower rate of physical creep compression.

Inversely , if the leachate level is decreased this could lead to a rise in effective overburden strains and increased settlement.

The writers employed the information to test against settlement modeling they carried out and their results can be seen in the paper. They revealed that, as anticipated, placement of new waste will cause both immediate settlement and further long term creep in the waste deposit.

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Click on the link text in this sentence for more landfill information and landfill statistics. For information about landfill settlement visit "An Introduction to Landfill Settlement" downloads page.

Standard Horizon Submersible VHF